Kotlin Cheatsheet

Kotlin is a modern, statically typed, and multiplatform programming language designed to be fully interoperable with Java.

It is primarily used for mobile application development on Android and for server-side application development.

Installation

Installing Kotlin

To install Kotlin, you can use the Kotlin SDK or set up the environment in an IDE.

Verify installation

To check if Kotlin is correctly installed, you can run the following command:

kotlin -version

Variables and Data Types

Declaring Variables

Kotlin allows declaring mutable (var) and immutable (val) variables.

val name: String = "Luis" // immutable
var age: Int = 10 // mutable

Kotlin can infer the type automatically, but it can also be specified.

Data Types

Kotlin supports several basic data types.

val integer: Int = 10
val text: String = "Hello, Kotlin"
val isActive: Boolean = true

Type Conversion

In Kotlin, type conversions are not implicit. To convert types, specific functions must be used.

val number = 42
val numberAsString = number.toString()  // "42"
val textAsInt = "10".toInt()            // 10

Operators

slug: kotlin-cheatsheet-operators title: Kotlin Operators CheatSheet description: Brief CheatSheet on operators in Kotlin, including arithmetic, logical, and comparison operators.

Operators in Kotlin

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical operations.

Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values.

Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine boolean expressions.

Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Elvis Operator (?:)

The Elvis operator is used to handle null values concisely:

val result = a ?: 0 // If 'a' is null, assign 0

Operator Overloading

Kotlin allows overloading operators for custom classes.

data class Point(val x: Int, val y: Int) {
    operator fun plus(other: Point) = Point(x + other.x, y + other.y)
}

Control Structures

Conditionals

IF

Kotlin uses if as an expression, meaning it can return a value.

val max = if (a > b) a else b

When

when in Kotlin is an “enhanced” version of switch. It allows handling multiple cases and returning values.

val result = when (x) {
    1 -> "One"
    2 -> "Two"
    else -> "Another value"
}

Loops

FOR

Iterates over any collection or range.

for (i in 1..10) {
    println(i)
}

While

while and do-while for conditional looping.

while (x < 5) {
    println(x)
    x++
}

Functions

Function Declaration

A function is defined with the keyword fun. Parameters are required to have a type.

fun add(a: Int, b: Int): Int {
    return a + b
}

Single-line Functions

If the function only has one expression, it can be defined concisely.

fun multiply(a: Int, b: Int) = a * b

Functions with Default Values

Default values can be assigned to parameters.

fun greet(name: String = "Guest") {
    println("Hello, $name")
}

Higher-order Functions

Kotlin allows using functions as parameters.

fun performOperation(a: Int, b: Int, operation: (Int, Int) -> Int): Int {
    return operation(a, b)
}

// Usage
val sum = performOperation(5, 3, { x, y -> x + y })

Lambda Functions

Lambda functions are anonymous functions that can be assigned to variables or passed as parameters.

val sum = { a: Int, b: Int -> a + b }
println(sum(2, 3))  // 5

Extension Functions

Kotlin allows adding new functions to existing classes without modifying their code.

fun String.greet(): String {
    return "Hello, $this"
}

// Usage of the extension function
val greeting = "Kotlin".greet()

Collections

Ranges

Kotlin has native support for ranges.

for (i in 1..5) println(i)  // 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
for (i in 5 downTo 1) println(i)  // 5, 4, 3, 2, 1

Lists

Lists can be mutable (MutableList) or immutable (List).

val immutableList = listOf(1, 2, 3)
val mutableList = mutableListOf(1, 2, 3)
mutableList.add(4)

Maps

Maps can be mutable or immutable.

val map = mapOf("key1" to "value1", "key2" to "value2")
val mutableMap = mutableMapOf("key1" to "value1")
mutableMap["key3"] = "value3"

Sets

Sets do not allow duplicate elements.

val immutableSet = setOf(1, 2, 3)
val mutableSet = mutableSetOf(1, 2, 3)
mutableSet.add(4)

Collection Operations

Kotlin includes many extension functions for collections, such as filter, map, reduce.

val numbers = listOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
val evens = numbers.filter { it % 2 == 0 }
val squares = numbers.map { it * it }

Classes and Objects

Class Declaration

Kotlin uses the keyword class to define classes. Primary constructors are defined on the same line.

class Person(val name: String, var age: Int)

Creating an Instance

Instances of classes are created without the new keyword.

val person = Person("Juan", 25)

Properties and Methods

Classes can have properties and methods.

class Car(val model: String) {
    var speed: Int = 0

    fun accelerate() {
        speed += 10
    }
}

Inheritance

In Kotlin, classes are final by default. To allow inheritance, open is used.

open class Animal(val name: String) {
    open fun sound() = "Makes a sound"
}

class Dog(name: String) : Animal(name) {
    override fun sound() = "Barks"
}

Data Classes

Kotlin provides data class to store data. These classes automatically implement toString(), hashCode(), and equals().

data class User(val name: String, val age: Int)

Null Safety

Nullable Types

In Kotlin, types are non-null by default. To allow a variable to hold null, ? is added to the type.

var name: String? = null

Safe Call and Not Null Assertion

The safe call (?.) prevents NullPointerExceptions. The not-null assertion (!!) ensures that a variable is not null but throws an exception if it is.

val length: Int? = name?.length
val forcedLength: Int = name!!.length

Advanced Object-Oriented Programming

Interfaces

Kotlin supports interfaces that can contain abstract methods and methods with implementations.

interface Flyer {
    fun fly()
    fun takeOff() = println("Taking off")
}

Delegation

Kotlin supports delegating interface implementation to other objects.

class Bird : Flyer by Airplane()

Advanced Features

Extensions

Kotlin allows adding new functions to existing classes without directly modifying them.

fun String.repeat(times: Int): String {
    return this.repeat(times)
}
println("Hello".repeat(3))  // HelloHelloHello

Sealed Classes

Sealed classes restrict inheritance, allowing only a defined set of subclasses.

sealed class Result
class Success(val data: String) : Result()
class Error(val message: String) : Result()

Coroutines

Kotlin has native support for coroutines, making asynchronous programming easier.

import kotlinx.coroutines.*

fun main() = runBlocking {
    launch {
        delay(1000L)
        println("World")
    }
    println("Hello")
}

Exception Handling

Try-Catch

Exceptions in Kotlin are handled with try-catch blocks.

try {
    val number = "abc".toInt()
} catch (e: NumberFormatException) {
    println("Number format error")
} finally {
    println("Completion")
}

Throw

Throw an exception explicitly.

fun checkAge(age: Int) {
    if (age < 18) {
        throw IllegalArgumentException("Insufficient age")
    }
}

Interoperability with Java

Calling Java Code

Kotlin is fully interoperable with Java, allowing direct calls to Java libraries.

val javaList: java.util.ArrayList<String> = java.util.ArrayList()
javaList.add("Hello")